View source for Disinformation/Transgender/Sports

The discussion regarding whether we should include trans folks in our sports (and how to categorise them) is long-running and divisive.

Before we can get into the discussion proper, though, we'll need to talk about the history of sex-based segregation in sports.

== Historical Segregation ==
It is a well-known fact that women's rights are a relatively recent concept, and that women have been (and continue to be) discriminated against for much of humanity's history. The first recognisable form of feminism (first-wave feminism) formally began in 1848<ref>[https://www.pacificu.edu/magazine/four-waves-feminism Pacific University: Four Waves of Feminism]</ref>, and the beginnings of this movement focused on a defined set of grievances, regarding suffrage, government representation, marriage and divorce laws, and employment<ref>[https://www.masterclass.com/articles/first-wave-feminism MasterClass: First-Wave Feminism: Timeline and Criticisms]</ref>.

As late as the 1970s, there were few roles considered "gender appropriate" for women and girls<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3EEAAAQBAJ Google Books: Sex Segregation in Sports: Why Separate Is Not Equal by Adrienne N. Milner and Jomills Henry Braddock II]</ref>. Society expected them to focus on traditional (and low-wage if they were working) roles, such as cooking, cleaning, home-making and cosmetology. When organised sports appeared in the US in the 19th century, women and girls were discouraged or outright banned from participating, resulting in sports largely being characterised as male-dominated and even hyper-masculine, something that persists today.

[[wikipedia:Title_IX|Title IX]], which prohibits sex-based discrimination in all government-funded forms of education, was heavily contested by opponents who wished to restrict the rights of women in athletics, lobbying to exclude it<ref name=":0" />. For example, the NCAA's executive director stated that Title IX was the "possible doom of intercollegiate sports", and Senator John Tower (TX) proposed amendments to exclude women from revenue-generating sports.

The idea of segregating sports by sex today relies on some assumption that women on average perform less well than men<ref name=":1">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24757601 JSTOR: Constructing Gender Incommensurability in Competitive Sport: Sex/Gender Testing and the New Regulations on Female Hyperandrogenism by Marion Müller]</ref>. Early big sport organisations tried to exclude women whose performances were above expectations, by establishing "gender verifications" that accused those women of fraud. This happened even though there was (and is) no scientific proof such segregation makes logical sense on any material basis.

The thought process used to justify this segregation was, in fact, a tool used by segregationists to try to prove that material differences existed<ref name=":1" />. It seems as if this form of segregation exists to prevent us from making direct comparisons between the performance of the sexes in sports and athletics, which would prove beyond a doubt that there's no material difference. In fact, the implementation of sex-based segregation in fencing, rifle shooting and skeet shooting only began after a woman won against male competitors, implying that it only exists to reinforce masculine stereotypes. In some situations, opponents would even forfeit once they realised they were competing against a girl<ref>[https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijlse/vol8/iss1/3/ Indiana University Maurer School of Law: There’s Nothing Worse than Losing to a Girl:  An Analysis of Sex Segregation in American Youth Sports]</ref>.

When decades of attempts to prove that women performed less well than men at sports failed, sports organisations tried to find new reasons to continue to segregate sports by sex<ref name=":1" />. We can see examples of this in the media as recently as 2023, when [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/human-rights-court-rules-in-favor-of-olympic-champion-semenya-over-testosterone-rules Olympic medallist Caster Semenya won a court case that declared it was discriminatory for World Athletics to exclude her based on her natural testosterone levels].

While racism isn't the focus of this article, it is also worth noting that the regulations on testosterone levels are likely racist<ref>[https://www.allure.com/story/caster-semenya-ruling-op-ed Allure: White Fragility & the Ruling Against Caster Semenya]</ref>. This is partly because black women often have their femininity denied by racists, and many believe the regulations only used white womens' testosterone levels as a guideline.

== Trans Segregation ==
Sports organisations tend to see gender ambiguity (which may be challenging to categorise) as a threat<ref name=":1" />. They further attempt to justify their segregation by measuring "hyperandrogenism", or heightened levels of testosterone, excluding women who produce more of it and don't go through medical treatments to lower it. However, this only proves that this doesn't represent a meaningful difference in performance. Instead, it is simply an extension of institutions' wish to continue to segregate sports by sex, apparently in an appeal to traditional values.

This train of thought also affects trans folks, sometimes in contradictory ways. Those who believe in biological essentialism may state that one's biology defines much of their sporting ability, stating that trans-feminine folks have an innate physical advantage due to being assigned male at birth. As the big sports organisations use testosterone as a measure of "maleness," it is unsurprising that those who support excluding trans-feminine folks from organised sports use the heightened testosterone levels of those assigned male at birth as a justification. They also usually ignore non-binary and trans-masculine folks, groups that tend to contradict many of their other arguments.

# '''The assumption that testosterone has a measurable effect on the performance of an athlete has little scientific basis, according to many studies:'''
#* Testosterone does not impact lean mass or hand grip strength in women<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89232-1 Nature: Total testosterone is not associated with lean mass or handgrip strength in pre-menopausal females]</ref>.
#* There's no evidence that including trans-feminine folks in sport would be unfair<ref name=":2">[[:File:CCES- Transgender Women Atheletes and Elite Sport- A Scientific Review (2023).pdf|CCES: Transgender Women Athletes and Elite Sport: A Scientific Review (2023)]] (re-uploaded as [https://cces.ca/transgender-women-athletes-and-elite-sport-scientific-review the original source has disappeared])</ref>.
#* Regulations on testosterone levels were justified using significantly flawed data, and the data, when corrected, contradicts the conclusion that the IAAF put forward when they studied this. The IAAF also neglected to have their research peer-reviewed, and it contained a significant number of basic errors, such as duplicated athletes<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40318-019-00143-w SpringerLink: Scientific integrity and the IAAF testosterone regulations by Roger Pielke Jr., Ross Ticker & Erik Boye]</ref>.
#* The study used by the IAAF to justify its policies can only assert that raised testosterone levels had a positive impact on athletic ability for a small number of events. The data for 16 other events showed no impact, and for several other events, raised testosterone levels negatively impacted the athletes' abilities.
#* Coming up with a definition of "normal" testosterone levels is difficult, and one's testosterone levels naturally fluctuate constantly. Experts from different societies, countries, and even laboratories often don't agree on what a "normal" level of testosterone is<ref name=":3">[https://theconversation.com/testosterone-why-defining-a-normal-level-is-hard-to-do-113587 The Conversation: Testosterone: why defining a 'normal' level is hard to do]</ref>.
# '''While not all trans-feminine folks will, many of them do decide to undergo [[wikipedia:Transgender_hormone_therapy|hormone replacement therapy]], or HRT.''' HRT involves the administering of hormonal medications to help align trans folks' sex characteristics with their gender. This medication usually takes two forms, typically administered together:
#* Hormone blockers, which lower the production of a given hormone or inhibit the receptors for that hormone.
#* Medication providing supplemental hormones, matching the trans folk's gender and keeping their hormonal balance healthy. 
#* For pre-surgery trans-feminine folks, this medication will typically lower their testosterone levels and raise their oestrogen levels. This would imply that any potentially measurable benefits granted by their prior testosterone levels would become nullified through their medical treatment. Here's what the science has to say:
#** Feminising HRT lowers strength, hemoglobin levels, muscle area and lean body mass in trans-feminine folks<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8311086/ PubMed Central: How does hormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation by Joanna Harper, Emma O'Donnell, Behzad Sorouri Khorashad, Hilary McDermott & Gemma L Witcomb]</ref>. It also results in bone density compromise, and after 4 years, their muscle/fat mass and performance is no different to that of cisgender women<ref name=":4">[https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/109/2/e455/7223439 JCEM: The Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Physical Performance by Ada S Cheung, Sav Zwickl, Kirsti Miller, Brendan J Nolan, Alex Fang Qi Wong, Patrice Jones & Nir Eynon]</ref>. Current research suggests that trans women aren't physically different to cis women in any way that matters for sports<ref name=":5">[https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.25326994v1 medRxiv: Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Transgender vs. Cisgender Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Sofia Mendes Sieczkowska, Bruna Caruso Mazzolani, Danilo Reis Coimbra, Igor Longobardi, Andresa Rossilho Casale, José Davi F.V.M.P. da Hora & Hamilton Roschel]</ref>.
#** Masculinising HRT in non-athletic trans-masculine folks results in a performance level no different to cisgender men after 1 to 3 years.<ref name=":4" /> Current research suggests that trans men aren't physically different to cis men in any way that matters for sports<ref name=":5" />. While studies opine that trans-feminine folks may generally retain some minor long-term advantages over cisgender women, competitive sports organisations already accept and account for similar deviations in abilities and advantages in cisgender women<ref name=":2" />.
# '''While advocates for banning trans folks from sports often use children as a talking point, claims that banning trans children from sports is an issue of protecting other children seem nebulous at best:'''
#* Lawmakers have largely been unable to cite local examples of trans girls competing in sports. Where examples are available, there appears to be no evidence that including trans children results in competitive unfairness<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/lawmakers-unable-to-cite-local-trans-girls-sports-914a982545e943ecc1e265e8c41042e7 Associated Press: Lawmakers can’t cite local examples of trans girls in sports]</ref>.
#* The "protect the children" rhetoric has been used to demonise members of the LGBT+ community since the early 1900s, and potentially even earlier than that<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/07/24/groomer-lgbtq-germany-children/ Washington Post (now paywalled): The 'groomer' anti-LGBTQ+ panic is not new — and has caused immense harm]</ref>.
# '''Advocates for banning trans folks from sports often include non-physical sports, coming up with the same conclusions. This suggests that this is more about transphobia and misogyny than any idea of fairness:'''
#* A trans-feminine snooker player faced harassment after her tournament win. This included calls from former world number one Maria Catalano, who called for trans players to be banned from women's tournaments<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/snooker/62821241 BBC Sport: Transgender snooker player Jamie Hunter criticised after winning US Women's Snooker Open]</ref>.
#* The International Chess Federation (FIDE) effectively declared that women are less intelligent than men. It banned trans women from competing in women's competitions for up to two years, and decided to remove some titles won by both trans men and women in their respective categories<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2023/08/18/1194593562/chess-transgender-fide-pushback NPR: World chess just placed restrictions on both trans women and trans men]</ref>.
#* Professional pool player Lynne Pinches turned down her first ever professional contract, when the World Eightball Pool Federation reversed its ban on trans players<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/wales/68183503 BBC Sport: Lynne Pinches: Pool player rejects professional contract after transgender policy U-turn]</ref>.
#* Several cis Dutch womens' darts veterans quit when they realised their team included a trans woman, complaining about fairness in the sport<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240325-dutch-women-s-darts-veterans-quit-over-transgender-team-mate France 24: Dutch women's darts veterans quit over transgender team-mate]</ref>.
#* [https://www.shewon.org/ SheWon.org] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20250000000000*/https://www.shewon.org/ Wayback Machine]) frames trans-feminine athletes as "males in women's sporting events" that "stole" cis womens' achievements by beating them, and lists various non-physical sports, including billiards, darts, e-sports, poker, pool, and snooker. It also lists numerous "non-athletic competitions", including Jeopardy game show wins, beauty competitions, scholarships, democratic elections, Forbes lists, and hot-dog-eating competitions. The site also contains a list of trans-feminine athletes, including many of their deadnames. Additionally, as is typical for those who would exclude trans folks from sports, the site pretends that trans-masculine folks don't exist. Websites like this exist to justify hate, rather than discuss current issues on their merits. This is just one example of a huge number of outlets for similar hate campaigns.

== Direct Impact ==
It goes without saying that this page wouldn't exist, had there been no reason to discuss this disinformation. Unfortunately, the disinformation discussed above has had many real-world consequences.

The following points are true as of April 2024:

* In 2023, [https://worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/council-meeting-march-2023-russia-belarus-female-eligibility World Athletics introduced new regulations] regarding the eligibility of transgender athletes and female athletes with "differences of sex development". These regulations require female athletes with "differences of sexual development" to medicate for at least two years, with the aim of reducing their testosterone levels. This requirement applies to all events, including those that were previously unrestricted. They also ban all trans-feminine athletes who had a male puberty from participating in female World Rankings competitions. Due to the current state of trans healthcare legislation, this impacts most trans-feminine individuals, and this problem is likely to get worse due to the current political climate. In what we can only describe as cruel irony, these regulations came into effect on the 31st of March 2023, Transgender Day of Visibility. These new regulations also affected many cis women of colour<ref name=":6">[https://www.washingtonblade.com/2023/03/24/trans-women-banned-from-track-and-field-intersex-athletes-restricted/ Washington Blade: Trans women banned from track and field, intersex athletes restricted]</ref>, effectively banning them from competing due to their race<ref name=":3" />.
* Government officials attempted to pass at least 48 bills<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024?impact=school__sports ACLU: 2024 Political Attacks on LGBTQ Rights: School Sports Bans] </ref> attempting to ban trans youth from participating in school sports or in teams that correspond with their gender in 2024. They also attempted to pass 33 bills<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/legislative-attacks-on-lgbtq-rights-2024?impact=school__facilities ACLU: 2024 Political Attacks on LGBTQ Rights: School Facilities Bans]</ref> restricting access to school facilities for trans youth. Four related bills have passed in 2024, as of this writing:
** [https://translegislation.com/bills/2024/AL/SB129 AL SB129]
** [https://translegislation.com/bills/2024/ID/H0455 ID H0455]
** [https://translegislation.com/bills/2024/UT/HB0172 UT HB0172]
** [https://translegislation.com/bills/2024/WI/AB377 WI AB377]
* Excluding women based on their hormone levels does little to contribute to equal opportunities for them. For example, Maximila Imali, a top Kenyan runner disqualified due to her high testosterone levels, is struggling to support her partner and family, feed her son and pay the rent<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/24/world/africa/olympic-intersex-maximila-imali.html New York Times: An Olympic Dream Falters Amid Track’s Shifting Rules]</ref>. Banning female athletes from their careers serves to make them poorer, and may prevent them from meeting an acceptable quality of life. We're unsure what mental gymnastics one needs to characterise this as "protecting women", but that's how World Athletics puts it: "This is why we introduced the eligibility regulation and why it must be defended: to ensure fair competition for all women."<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/press-release/questions-answers-iaaf-female-eligibility-reg World Athletics: IAAF publishes briefing notes and Q&A on Female Eligibility Regulations]</ref> As mentioned above, this also seems to have a disproportionate effect on women of colour<ref name=":6" />.

== Conclusion ==
While further research is necessary to fully understand the effects of transitioning on one's body, the above context shows that there's no real reason to exclude trans folks from sports. Indeed, the scientific evidence seems to contradict every argument made supporting banning trans folks, and it also seems that many advocates for that aren't arguing based on any reasonable or factual basis.

While it is impossible for any article to be absolutely inclusive of all possible information, we believe that the context we've provided above shows that there's no reasonable basis for excluding trans folks from sport. If you come across further studies or information that you feel should be included here, please contact us or [[Meta:Contributing|learn how to contribute]].

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Transgender]]
[[Category:Disinformation]]